Kabul Newspapers

قرار qarʌr establishment

است ast is

مراسم marʌsɛm-ɛ ceremony-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

تحلیف tahlif-ɛ swearing.in-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جمهوری dʒamhur-i republic-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”).

و wa and

رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

اجرایی ɛdʒrʌ-ji performance-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.” In English this is typically translated ‘chief executive officer.’

دولت dawlat-ɛ government-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid-ɛ new-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

فردا fardʌ tomorrow

برگزار bar-gʊzʌr on-place This means ‘take place (subj.).’

شود ʃaw-ad become-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

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حدود hʊdud-ɛ approximately-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

۱۴۰۰ jak-hazʌr-o-tʃahʌr-sad one-thousand-and-four-hundred

مهمان mɛhmʌn-ɛ guest-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

داخلی dʌxɛl-i inside-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

و wa and

خارجی xʌrɛdʒ-i outside-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

در dar in

این in this

مراسم marʌsɛm ceremony

شرکت ʃɛrkat company This means ‘to participate.’

خواهند xwʌh-and will-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”

داشت dʌʃt have.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)

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مراسم marʌsɛm-ɛ ceremony-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

تحلیف tahlif swearing.in

و wa and

آغاز ʌɣʌz-ɛ beginning-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کار kʌr-ɛ work-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جمهوری dʒamhur-i-jɛ republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid new

،

احتمال ɛhtɛmʌl-ɛ probability-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امضای ɛmzʌ-jɛ signature-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

موافقت‌نامه mawʌfɛqat-nʌma-jɛ agreement-document-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

و wa and

ناامنی‌ها nʌ-aman-i-hʌ not-secure-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”). -PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.

در dar in

ولایت wʊlʌjat-ɛ province-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

غزنی ɣazni-jɛ Ghazni-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

،

مهمترین mʊhɛm-tar-in important-COMPComparative. This turns “strong” into “stronger.”-SUPERSuperlative. This turns “strong” into “strongest.”

عناوین ɛnʌwin-ɛ titles-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. Arabic plural of عنوان [ɛnwʌn].

مطالب matʌlɛb-ɛ topics-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. Arabic plural of مطلب [matlab].

تحلیلی tahlil-i analysis-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

روزنامه‌های ruznʌma-hʌ-jɛ newspaper-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ششم ʃaʃʊm-ɛ sixth-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

میزان mizʌn-ɛ Mizan-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

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مهر mɛhr-ɛ Mehr-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. This is the Iranian name for the month of Mizan.

کابل kʌbʊl Kabul

است ast is

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روزنامه ruznʌma-jɛ newspaper-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

۸صبح haʃt-ɛ-sʊbh eight-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.-morning This is the name of a newspaper.

می‌نویسد me-nɛwis-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-write-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

که ke that

فردا fardʌ tomorrow

روز ruz-ɛ day-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مهمی mʊhɛm-e important-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”

در dar in

تاریخ tʌrix-ɛ date/history-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

سیاسی sijʌsi-jɛ political-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

این in this

کشور kɛʃwar country

است ast is

زیرا zerʌ because

قرار qarʌr establishment This means ‘it is intended that...’ or ‘it is supposed to happen that...’

است ast is

برای barʌjɛ for

اولین awalin first

بار bʌr occasion

ارگ arg-ɛ Arg-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ریاست‌جمهوری rijʌsat-dʒamhur-i presidency-republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

،

شاهد ʃʌhɛd-ɛ witness-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

انتقال ɛntɛqʌl-ɛ transfer-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مسالمت‌آمیز mʊsʌlɛmat-ʌmiz-ɛ peacefulness-mix-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

قدرت qʊdrat power

باشد bʌʃ-ad be.SUBJ-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

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۸صبح haʃt-ɛ-sʊbh eight-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.-morning

نوشته nɛwɛʃt-a write.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

که ke that

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زمامداران zɛmʌm-dʌr-ʌn-ɛ rein-have-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. As suggested by the constituent parts, this means ‘the ones holding the reins,’ meaning the statesmen of the country.

کابل kʌbʊl Kabul

حداقل had-ɛ-aqal level-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.-least

در dar in

چهار tʃahʌr four

دهه daha-jɛ decade-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

اخیر axir recent

،

از az from

طریق tariq-ɛ method-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کاربرد kʌr-bʊrd-ɛ work-carry.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. This means ‘application.’

زور zur force

از az from

سوی su-jɛ direction-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مخالفان‌شان mʊxʌlɛf-ʌn-ɛʃʌn opposition-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”

،

مجبور madʒbur obliged

به ba to

ترک tark-ɛ abandoning-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ارگ arg Arg

شده‌اند ʃʊd-a-ʔand become.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”

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اما amʌ but

فردا fardʌ tomorrow

قرار qarʌr establishment

است ast is

بدون bɛdun-ɛ outside.of-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

اعمال ɛmʌl-ɛ use-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

زور zur force

،

آقای ʌqʌ-jɛ Mr.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کرزی karzaj Karzai

،

قدرت qʊdrat power

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

به ba to

دولت dawlat-ɛ government-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

وحدت wahdat-ɛ unity-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ملی mɛli national

واگذار wʌgʊzʌr transfer

کند kʊn-ad do-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

و wa and

بازنشسته bʌznɛʃasta retired

شود ʃaw-ad become-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

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روزنامه ruznʌma-jɛ newspaper-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan This is the name of a newspaper.

می‌نویسد me-nɛwis-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-write-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

که ke that

تحلیف tahlif-ɛ swearing.in-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ریاست rijʌsat-ɛ presidency-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جمهوری dʒamhur-i republic-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”).

جنجال‌های dʒaŋdʒʌl-hʌ-jɛ fight-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

انتخاباتی ɛntɛxʌb-ʌt-i election-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

به ba to

پایان pʌjʌn end

می‌برد me-bar-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-carry-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

و wa and

دیگر digar other

از az from

تیم‌سازی‌ها tim-sʌz-i-hʌ team-making-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”). -PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.

خبری xabar-i news-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

نخواهد na-xwʌh-ad NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-will-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

بود bud be.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)

و wa and

تمام tamʌm-ɛ all-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

این in this

تیم‌ها tim-hʌ team-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.

باید bʌjad must

یکجا jak-dʒʌ one-place

دولت dawlat-ɛ government-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

بسازند bɛ-sʌz-and SUBJSubjunctive. This prefix attaches to the present tense stem of the verb and turns it into a subjunctive.-making-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”

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افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

نوشته nɛwɛʃt-a write.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

که ke that

حکومت hʊkumat-ɛ government-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid new

با bʌ with

مشکلات mʊʃkɛl-ʌt-ɛ difficulty-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

بیشتری beʃ-tar-e more-COMPComparative. This turns “strong” into “stronger.”-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”

روبرو ru-ba-ru face-to-face

است ast is

و wa and

نیاز nijʌz need

است ast is

تا tʌ until

دولتمردان dawlat-mard-ʌn-ɛ government-man-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid new

برای barʌjɛ for

تحکیم tahkim-ɛ strengthening-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

قدرت qʊdrat-ɛ power-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

دولت dawlat government

و wa and

مبارزه mʊbʌrɛza struggle

با bʌ with

مشکلات mʊʃkɛl-ʌt difficulty-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.

و wa and

چالش‌ها tʃʌlɛʃ-hʌ challenge-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something. This is a borrowing from English.

تلاش talʌʃ attempt

کنند kʊn-and do-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”

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روزنامه ruznʌma-jɛ newspaper-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

سخن sʊxan-ɛ speech-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid new

نیز niz also

می‌نویسد me-nɛwis-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-write-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

که ke that

فردا fardʌ tomorrow

پس pas after

از az from

تحلیف tahlif swearing.in

،

دوره dawra-jɛ time-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

عملی amal-i action-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

کردن kard-an-ɛ do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-INFInfinitive. This suffix attaches to the past tense stem to make an infinitive, like English to in “to run” or “to swim.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

وعده‌های wada-hʌ-jɛ promise-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جمهوری dʒamhur-i republic-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”).

آغاز ʌɣʌz beginning

می‌شود me-ʃaw-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-become-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

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سخن sʊxan-ɛ speech-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid-ɛ new-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

نوشته nɛwɛʃt-a write.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

که ke that

رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جمهوری dʒamhur-i-jɛ republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid new

نباید na-bʌjad not-must

وعده‌هایش wada-hʌ-jɛʃ promise-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-3SG

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

فراموش farʌmuʃ forget

کند kʊn-ad do-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

و wa and

باید bʌjad must

آنها ʌnhʌ 3P.PRON

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

جدی dʒɛdi serious

گرفته gɛrɛft-a take.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

و wa and

عملی amal-i action-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

کند kʊn-ad do-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

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روزنامه ruznʌma-jɛ newspaper-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

اطلاعات ɛtlʌʔʌt-ɛ information-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. This is the name of a newspaper.

روز ruz day

می‌نویسد me-nɛwis-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-write-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

که ke that

رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جمهوری dʒamhur-i-jɛ republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid-ɛ new-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

گفته gʊft-a say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

که ke that

در dar in

فردای fardʌ-jɛ tomorrow-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. This phrase means ‘tomorrow's swearing-in ceremony.’

روز ruz-ɛ day-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

تحلیف tahlif swearing.in

،

موافقت‌نامه mawʌfɛqat-nʌma-jɛ agreement-document-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i-jɛ security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

و wa and

آمریکا ʌmrikʌ America

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

امضا ɛmzʌ signature

خواهد xwʌh-ad will-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

کرد kard do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)

.

اطلاعات ɛtlʌʔʌt-ɛ information-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

روز ruz day

نوشته nɛwɛʃt-a write.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

که ke that

امضای ɛmzʌ-jɛ signature-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

موافقت‌نامه mawʌfɛqat-nʌma-jɛ agreement-document-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

با bʌ with

آمریکا ʌmrikʌ America

و wa and

ناتو nʌto NATO

در dar in

دو du two

سال sʌl-ɛ year-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

گذشته gʊzaʃt-a pass.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

به ba to

یک jɛk one

روند rawand-ɛ procedure-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جنجالی dʒaŋgdʒʌl-i fight-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

،

خسته‌کننده xastakʊnɛnda tiresome

و wa and

طولانی tulʌni long

تبدیل tabdil change

شده ʃʊd-a become.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

است ast is

.

اطلاعات ɛtlʌʔʌt-ɛ information-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

روز ruz day

افزوده afzud-a add.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

که ke that

"

رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جمهور dʒamhur-ɛ republic-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

غنی ɣani Ghani

می‌داند me-dʌn-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-know-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

که ke that

دولتش dawlat-ɛʃ government-3SG

به ba to

کمک‌های kʊmak-hʌ-jɛ help-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

نظامی nɛzʌm-i military/system-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

،

مالی mʌl-i property-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

و wa and

اقتصادی ɛqtɛsʌd-i-jɛ economy-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

آمریکا ʌmrikʌ America

ضرورت zarurat-ɛ necessity-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدی dʒɛdi serious

دارد dʌr-ad have-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

و wa and

امضای ɛmzʌ-jɛ signature-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

موافقت‌نامه mawʌfɛqat-nʌma agreement-document

با bʌ with

آمریکا ʌmrikʌ America

لازمه lʌzɛma-jɛ requisite-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

اصلی asl-i-jɛ origin-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

دوام dawʌm-ɛ continuation-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کمک‌ها‌ست kʊmak-hʌ-st help-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-is

."

به ba to

باور bʌwar-ɛ belief-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

نویسنده nɛwisɛnda-jɛ writer-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

اطلاعات ɛtlʌʔʌt-ɛ information-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

روز ruz day

،

امضای ɛmzʌ-jɛ signature-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

موافقت‌نامه mawʌfɛqat-nʌma-jɛ agreement-document-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

،

چراغ tʃɛrʌɣ light

سبزی sabz-e green-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”

است ast is

به ba to

این in this

معنا manʌ meaning

که ke that

دولت dawlat-ɛ government-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid-ɛ new-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

می‌خواهد me-xwʌh-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-want-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

رابطه rʌbɛta-jɛ relation-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

گرم garm warm

،

محکم mahkam firm

و wa and

همکاری‌های ham-kʌr-i-hʌ-jɛ also-work-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”). -PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

نزدیک nazdik near

با bʌ with

ایالات ijʌlʌt-ɛ states-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

متحده mʊtɛhɛda-jɛ united-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

آمریکا ʌmrikʌ America

داشته dʌʃt-a have.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

باشد bʌʃ-ad be.SUBJ-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

.

روزنامه ruznʌma-jɛ newspaper-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

نیز niz also

می‌نویسد me-nɛwis-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-write-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

که ke that

امضای ɛmzʌ-jɛ signature-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

موافقت‌نامه mawʌfɛqat-nʌma-jɛ agreement-document-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

باید bʌjad must

از az from

اولویت‌های awlawijat-hʌ-jɛ priority-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کاری kʌr-i-jɛ work-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جمهوری dʒamhur-i-jɛ republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid new

باشد bʌʃ-ad be.SUBJ-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

.

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

نوشته nɛwɛʃt-a write.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

که ke that

حضور hʊzur-ɛ presence-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جامعه dʒʌmɛʔa-jɛ society-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جهانی dʒahʌn-i world-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

در dar in

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

و wa and

قانونمند qʌnun-mand law-having

شدن ʃʊd-an-ɛ become.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-INFInfinitive. This suffix attaches to the past tense stem to make an infinitive, like English to in “to run” or “to swim.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

حضور hʊzur-ɛ presence-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

نظامی nɛzʌm-i-jɛ military/system-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

خارجی xʌrɛdʒ-i outside-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

می‌تواند me-tawʌn-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-able-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

بر bar on

امنیت amnijat-ɛ security-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کشور kɛʃwar country

تاثیر tasir-ɛ influence-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. The proper spelling of this word is تأثیر, which explains why the ا in the middle of the word makes the [a] sound.

مهمی mʊhɛm-e important-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”

داشته dʌʃt-a have.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

باشد bʌʃ-ad be.SUBJ-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

و wa and

به ba to

تبع tabʔ-ɛ publication-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

آن ʌn that

،

امنیت amnijat security

تاثیر tasir-ɛ influence-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مثبتی mʊsbat-e positive-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”

بر bar on

اقتصاد ɛqtɛsʌd economy

و wa and

ورود wʊrud-ɛ inflow-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

سرمایه sarmʌja capital

و wa and

پول pul money

به ba to

کشور kɛʃwar country

خواهد xwʌh-ad will-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

گذاشت gʊzʌʃt place.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)

.

روزنامه ruznʌma-jɛ newspaper-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

آرمان ʌrmʌn-ɛ Ideal-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. This is the name of the newspaper.

ملی mɛli national

نیز niz also

می‌نویسد me-nɛwis-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-write-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

که ke that

رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جمهوری dʒamhur-i-jɛ republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid new

باید bʌjad must

بی‌درنگ be-darang without-delay The more specific meaning here is ‘without making petty excuses’. A more frequent Dari expression is بیچون و چرا [be-tʃun-o-tʃɛrʌ].

موافقت‌نامه mawʌfɛqat-nʌma-jɛ agreement-document-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

با bʌ with

آمریکا ʌmrikʌ America

امضا ɛmzʌ signature

کند kʊn-ad do-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

.

آرمان ʌrmʌn-ɛ Ideal-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ملی mɛli national

نوشته nɛwɛʃt-a write.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

که ke that

برای barʌjɛ for

بازسازی bʌz-sʌz-i open/again-making-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”).

و wa and

بهبود bɛhbud-ɛ well.being-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

وضعیت wazijat-ɛ situation-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کشور kɛʃwar country

،

باید bʌjad must

امنیت amnijat security

در dar in

کشور kɛʃwar country

تامین tamin securing This means ‘to secure’ in the sense of ‘to provide for.’The proper spelling of this word is تأمین, which explains why the ا in the middle of the word makes the [a] sound.

شود ʃaw-ad become-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

و wa and

برای barʌjɛ for

تامین tamin-ɛ securing-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. The proper spelling of this word is تأمین, which explains why the ا in the middle of the word makes the [a] sound.

امنیت amnijat security

،

باید bʌjad must

نیروهای niru-hʌ-jɛ force-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

تجهیز tadʒhiz equipment The idea here is that there is a need for auxilliary support.

و wa and

تقویت taqwijat strengthening

شود ʃaw-ad become-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

و wa and

تجهیز tadʒhiz equipment

و wa and

تقویت taqwijat-ɛ strengthening-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

نیروهای niru-hʌ-jɛ force-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

ارتباط ɛrtɛbʌt-ɛ relation-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مستقیم mʊstaqim direct

با bʌ with

امضای ɛmzʌ-jɛ signature-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

موافقت‌نامه mawʌfɛqat-nʌma-jɛ agreement-document-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i-jɛ security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

و wa and

آمریکا ʌmrikʌ America

دارد dʌr-ad have-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

.

روزنامه ruznʌma-jɛ newspaper-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

صدای sadʌ-jɛ voice-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. This is the name of a newspaper.

شهروند ʃahrwand citizen

می‌نویسد me-nɛwis-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-write-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

که ke that

در dar in

ماه‌های mʌ-hʌ-jɛ month-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

اخیر axir recent

وضعیت wazijat-ɛ situation-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

در dar in

ولایت wʊlʌjat-ɛ province-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

غزنی ɣazni Ghazni

بسیار bɛsjʌr very

وخیم waxim serious

شده ʃʊd-a become.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

است ast is

و wa and

این in this

ولایت wʊlʌjat province

در dar in

ماه mʌh-ɛ month-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

اخیر axir recent

با bʌ with

موجی mawdʒ-e wave-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”

از az from

حملات hamal-ʌt-ɛ attack-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مخالفان mʊxʌlɛf-ʌn-ɛ opposition-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

دولت dawlat government

رو ru face

به ba to

رو ru face

شده ʃʊd-a become.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

است ast is

.

صدای sadʌ-jɛ voice-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

شهروند ʃahrwand citizen

نوشته nɛwɛʃt-a write.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

که ke that

این in this

ناامنی‌ها nʌ-aman-i-hʌ not-secure-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”). -PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.

مردم mardʊm-ɛ people-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

این in this

ولایت wʊlʌjat province

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

بسیار bɛsjʌr very

نگران nɛgarʌn anxious

ساخته sʌxt-a make.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

است ast is

.

صدای sadʌ-jɛ voice-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

شهروند ʃahrwand citizen

برای barʌjɛ for

مهار mahʌr blocking

نشدن na-ʃʊd-an-ɛ NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-become.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-INFInfinitive. This suffix attaches to the past tense stem to make an infinitive, like English to in “to run” or “to swim.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

این in this

حملات hamal-ʌt attack-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.

از az from

مسئولان masul-ʌn-ɛ responsible-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ولایتی wʊlʌjat-i province-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”

انتقاد ɛntɛqʌd criticism

کرده kard-a do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

و wa and

نمایندگان nɛmʌjɛnda-gʌn-ɛ representative-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

این in this

ولایت wʊlʌjat province

در dar in

شورای ʃurʌ-jɛ shura-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ملی mɛli national

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

نیز niz also

مقصر mʊqasɛr guilty This means ‘to blame’.

دانسته dʌnɛst-a know.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

است ast is

.

صدای sadʌ-jɛ voice-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

شهروند ʃahrwand citizen

به ba to

تاکید takid emphasis

از az from

نهادهای nɛhʌd-hʌ-jɛ organization-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امنیتی amnijat-i-jɛ security-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan

خواسته xwʌst-a want.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

که ke that

ناامنی nʌ-aman-i not-secure-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”).

در dar in

این in this

ولایت wʊlʌjat province

را rʌ DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”

جدی dʒɛdi serious

گرفته gɛrɛft-a take.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

و wa and

هر har every

چه tʃe what

زودتر zud-tar fast-COMPComparative. This turns “strong” into “stronger.”

برای barʌjɛ for

پاکسازی pʌk-sʌz-i-jɛ clean-make-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”). -EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

این in this

ولایت wʊlʌjat province

از az from

مخالفان mʊxʌlɛf-ʌn opposition-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.

،

دست dast hand This means ‘to set to work.’

به ba to

کار kʌr work

شوند ʃaw-and become-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”

.

روزنامه ruznʌma-jɛ newspaper-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ماندگار mʌndɛgʌr long.lasting

نیز niz also

از az from

سیاست sijʌsat-ɛ politics-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. This word means either ‘politics’ or ‘policy.’ See the same usage in the next line as well.

دولت dawlat-ɛ government-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

آقای ʌqʌ-jɛ Mr.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

کرزی karzaj Karzai

در dar in

مقابل mʊqʌbɛl-ɛ opposition-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

طالبان tʌlɛbʌn Taliban

انتقاد ɛntɛqʌd criticism

کرده kard-a do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

و wa and

می‌نویسد me-nɛwis-ad CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-write-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”

که ke that

قوت qʊwat-ɛ strength-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

امروز ɛmruz-ɛ today-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

گروه‌های gʊru-hʌ-jɛ group-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مخالف mʊxʌlɛf opposition

نتیجه natidʒa-jɛ result-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

مدارا madʌrʌ toleration

با bʌ with

آنهاست ʌn-hʌ-st that-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-is

.

ماندگار mʌndɛgʌr long.lasting

نوشته nɛwɛʃt-a write.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.

"

از az from

دولت dawlat government

و wa and

حکومت hʊkumat-ɛ government-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

آینده ʌjɛnda future

به ba to

رهبری rahbar-i-jɛ leader-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”). -EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

اشرف aʃraf Ashraf

غنی ɣani Ghani

احمدزی ahmadzaj Ahmadzai

و wa and

داکتر dʌktar doctor

عبدالله abdʊlʌ Abdullah

انتظار ɛntɛzʌr waiting

داریم dʌr-em have-1PFirst person plural. In English this would be either “we” or “us.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “we.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “our.”

و wa and

می‌خواهیم me-xwʌh-em CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-want-1PFirst person plural. In English this would be either “we” or “us.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “we.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “our.”

که ke that

از az from

سیاست sijʌsat-ɛ politics-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

ناکام nʌkʌm-ɛ unsuccessful-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

نرمش narm-ɛʃ smooth-3SG

با bʌ with

طالبان tʌlɛbʌn Taliban

درس dars lesson

بگیرند bɛ-gir-and SUBJSubjunctive. This prefix attaches to the present tense stem of the verb and turns it into a subjunctive.-take-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”

و wa and

یک jɛk one

برنامه barnʌma-jɛ program-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

جدید dʒadid new

و wa and

قاطع qʌtɛ decisive

برای barʌjɛ for

مهار mahʌr-ɛ blocking-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.

خشونت‌ها xʊʃunat-hʌ violence-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.

و wa and

سرکوب sar-kub-ɛ head-pound.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. The verb here is کوفتن [kofta] (also kobidan [kobidan]), which also gives us [kofta kɛbʌb]. This word means ‘to beat someone down.’

جنگجویان dʒang-dʒu-jʌn-ɛ war-search-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. That is, ‘war-seekers.’

طالب tʌlɛb Talib

،

تدوین tadwin preparation

کنند kʊn-and do-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”

."