Afghan President 2

رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
جمهوری dʒamhur-i-jɛ republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan
در dar in
روز ruz-ɛ day-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
معلم malem teacher
شورشیان ʃurɛʃ-jʌn revolutionary-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
به ba to
صلح sʊlh peace
دعوت dawat invitation
کرد kard do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
جمهوری dʒamhur-i-jɛ republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan
در dar in
روز ruz-ɛ day-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
معلم malem teacher
از az from
شورشیان ʃurɛʃ-jʌn revolutionary-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.
به ba to
عنوان ɛnwʌn-ɛ title-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
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مخالفان mʊxʌlɛf-ʌn-ɛ opposition-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
سیاسی sijʌsi political
"
نام nʌm name
برد bʊrd carry.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
و wa and
از az from
آنها ʌnhʌ 3P.PRON
خواست xwʌst want.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
که ke that
در dar in
تامین tamin-ɛ securing-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. تامینProperly, this Arabic word should be spelled تأمین, where the أ always makes the [a] sound. It is often written with a plain ا instead, though, which makes it look as if the ا is making the [ʌ] sound.
صلح sʊlh peace
همکاری ham-kʌr-i also-work-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”). همکاریهمکار means ‘also-work’, or ‘coworker’. Adding the NOM suffix makes it an abstract noun: ‘cooperation’.
کنند kʊn-and do-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”
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اشرف aʃraf Ashraf
غنی ɣani Ghani
احمدزی ahmadzaj Ahmadzai
در dar in
سخنانی sʊxan-ʌn-e speech-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-RELRelativizer. This introduces a relative clause, e.g., “a man who likes sports” or “a book that isn't too long.” A word with this suffix is often followed by که.
در dar in
مراسم marʌsɛm-ɛ ceremony-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
بزرگداشت bʊzʊrgdʌʃt-ɛ celebration-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
روز ruz-ɛ day-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
معلم malem teacher
گفت gʊft say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
: "
این‌جا in-dʒʌ this-place
برای barʌjɛ for
مخالفان mʊxʌlɛf-ʌn-ɛ opposition-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
سیاسی sijʌsi political
پیامی pajʌm-e message-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”
دارم dʌr-am have-1SFirst person singular. In English this would be either “I” or “me.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “I.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “my.”
:
هم ham also
خود xʊd own
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
و wa and
هم ham also
کودکانتان kodɛk-ʌn-ɛtʌn child-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-2PSecond person plural. In English this would be “you.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “you.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “your.” (English doesn't have a different word for plural “you” except—for some people—“y'all.”)
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
از az from
آموزش ʌmuzɛʃ instruction
محروم mahrum deprivation
کردید kard-ed do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-2PSecond person plural. In English this would be “you.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “you.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “your.” (English doesn't have a different word for plural “you” except—for some people—“y'all.”)
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دست dast hand
بدهید bɛ-dɛh-ed SUBJSubjunctive. This prefix attaches to the present tense stem of the verb and turns it into a subjunctive.-give-2PSecond person plural. In English this would be “you.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “you.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “your.” (English doesn't have a different word for plural “you” except—for some people—“y'all.”)
که ke that
در dar in
این in this
خاک xʌk soil خاکIn everyday Dari, ‘dirt’ would be the best gloss for this work, but in this collections of texts, the word is always used to refer to the land of a country. ‘Soil’ is a good compromise gloss for that.
صلح sʊlh peace
بیاوریم bij-ʌwar-em SUBJSubjunctive. This prefix attaches to the present tense stem of the verb and turns it into a subjunctive.-bring-1PFirst person plural. In English this would be either “we” or “us.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “we.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “our.”
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او u 3S
تاکید takid emphasis
کرد kard do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
: "
صلح sʊlh peace
خواست xwʌst-ɛ wish-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
هر har every
کودک kodɛk child
است ast is
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بدون bɛdun-ɛ outside.of-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
صلح sʊlh peace
ثبات sʊbʌt stability
نمی‌آید na-mij-ʌ-jad NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-come-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
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نمی‌خواهیم na-me-xwʌh-em NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-want-1PFirst person plural. In English this would be either “we” or “us.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “we.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “our.”
سالی sʌl-e year-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”
پنج pandʒ five
میلیارد miljʌrd billion میلیاردThis is an Iranian word (borrowed originally from French).
دلار dʊlʌr dollar دلارThis is an Iranian word; the Dari spelling and pronunciation is دالر [dʌlar].
در dar in
عرصه arsa-jɛ department-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
امنیت amnijat security
مصرف masraf spend
کنیم kʊn-im do-1PFirst person plural. In English this would be either “we” or “us.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “we.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “our.”
،
می‌خواهیم me-xwʌh-em CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-want-1PFirst person plural. In English this would be either “we” or “us.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “we.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “our.”
سالی sʌl-e year-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”
پنج pandʒ five
میلیارد miljʌrd billion
دلار dʊlʌr dollar
در dar in
زمینه zamina-jɛ basis-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزش ʌmuzɛʃ instruction
و wa and
پرورش parwarɛʃ nurturing آموزش و پرورشThis is a fixed phrase referring to the education of children.
،
بهداشت bɛhdʌʃt hygiene
و wa and
ساخت sʌxt making
و o and
ساز sʌz making ساخت و سازThis is a fixed phrase, referring to construction.
مصرف masraf spend
کنیم kʊn-im do-1PFirst person plural. In English this would be either “we” or “us.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “we.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “our.”
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آقای ʌqʌ-jɛ Mr.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
احمدزی ahmadzaj Ahmadzai
پیش peʃ before
از az from
این in this
در dar in
سخنرانی sʊxanrʌni-jɛ speech-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
خود xʊd own
در dar in
روز ruz-ɛ day-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
عید id-ɛ Eid-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
قربان qʊrbʌn Qorban
هم ham also
خطاب xɛtʌb address خطاب بهThis is perhaps equivalent to ‘addressing’. The idea is that the speaker is speaking to the revolutionaries (even though they are not actually present at the meeting).
به ba to
شورشیان ʃurɛʃ-jʌn revolutionary-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.
گفته gʊft-a say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.
بود bud be.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
که ke that
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جنگ dʒang war
راه rʌh-ɛ path-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
حل hal solution
نیست nest is.not
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و wa and
دولت dawlat-ɛ government-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
او u 3S
برای barʌjɛ for
تحقق tahaqʊq-ɛ securing-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
صلح sʊlh peace
اراده ɛrʌda-jɛ will-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
محکمی mahkam-e firm-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”
دارد dʌr-ad have-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
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آقای ʌqʌ-jɛ Mr.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
احمدزی ahmadzaj Ahmadzai
در dar in
ادامه ɛdʌma-jɛ continue-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
سخنان sʊxan-ʌn-ɛ speech-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
خود xʊd own
در dar in
روز ruz-ɛ day-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
معلم malem teacher
،
بهبود bɛhbud-ɛ well.being-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
کیفیت kajfijat-ɛ circumstances-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزش ʌmuzɛʃ instruction
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
هدف hadaf-ɛ goal-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
پنج pandʒ five
سال sʌl-ɛ year-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
حکومتش hʊkumat-ɛʃ government-3SG
عنوان ɛnwʌn title عنوان کردنMore idiomatically ‘to call’, or literally ‘to (en)title’.
کرد kard do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
و wa and
خطاب xɛtʌb address
به ba to
آموزگاران ʌmʊzgʌr-ʌn teacher-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something. آموزگارThis is the Iranian word; in Afghanistan [معلم] [mʊalɛm] is used.
گفت gʊft say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
: "
آنچه ʌntʃɛ that.which
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
شما ʃʊmʌ you.pl
تولید tawlid begetting تولید‘Producing’ would be a more neutral gloss. This is related to words such as تولد [tawalʊd] ‘birth’, though.
می‌کنید me-kʊn-ed CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-do-2PSecond person plural. In English this would be “you.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “you.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “your.” (English doesn't have a different word for plural “you” except—for some people—“y'all.”)
،
جامعه
به ba to
آن ʌn that
نیاز nijʌz need
ندارد na-dʌr-ad NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-have-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
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ما 1p
باید bʌjad must
به ba to
صورت surat-ɛ appearance-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
بنیادی bʊnjʌd-i-jɛ foundation-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
نظام nɛzʌm-ɛ military/system-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزشی ʌmuzɛʃ-i instruction-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”
خود xʊd own
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
طوری tawr-e manner-RELRelativizer. This introduces a relative clause, e.g., “a man who likes sports” or “a book that isn't too long.” A word with this suffix is often followed by که.
آماده ʌmʌda ready
کنیم kʊn-im do-1PFirst person plural. In English this would be either “we” or “us.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “we.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “our.”
که ke that
هر har every
فارغ‌التحصیل fʌrɛɣʊltahsil graduate
کلاس kɛlʌs-ɛ class-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
نهم nʊhʊm ninth
یا or
دوازدهم dawʌzdahʊm twelfth
بتواند bɛ-tawʌn-ad SUBJSubjunctive. This prefix attaches to the present tense stem of the verb and turns it into a subjunctive.-able-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
صاحب sʌhɛb-ɛ master-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
کار kʌr work
شود ʃaw-ad become-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
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رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
جمهوری dʒamhur-i-jɛ republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan
افزود afzud add.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
: "
امروز ɛmruz today
مشکل mʊʃkɛl-ɛ difficulty-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
اصلی asl-i-jɛ origin-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
ما 1p
و wa and
شما ʃʊmʌ you.pl
آن ʌn that
است ast is
که ke that
برای barʌjɛ for
فارغ‌التحصیلان fʌrɛɣʊltahsil-ʌn-ɛ graduate-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
کلاس kɛlʌs-ɛ class-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
دوازدهم dawʌzdahʊm-ɛ twelfth-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
ما 1p
فرصت fʊrsat-ɛ opportunity-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
کار kʌr work
نیست nest is.not
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وارد wʌrɛd-ɛ entrance-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
دانشگاهها dʌnɛʃgʌ-hʌ university-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.
که ke that
نشدند na-ʃʊd-and NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-become.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”
،
بیکار be-kʌr without-work
می‌مانند me-mʌn-and CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-remain-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”
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  • This is a very typical way to make an if-then sentence in more colloquial Dari. The meaning is, “If they do not enter universities, they will remain unemployed.” (Literally, “That they don't enter universities, they remain unemployed.”)
آقای ʌqʌ-jɛ Mr.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
احمدزی ahmadzaj Ahmadzai
گفت gʊft say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
: "
برنامه barnʌma-jɛ program-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزشی ʌmuzɛʃ-i-jɛ instruction-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
ما 1p
باید bʌjad must
تغییر taɣir-ɛ change-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
بنیادی bʊnjʌd-i foundation-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”
کند kʊn-ad do-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
"
و wa and
افزود afzud add.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
که ke that
افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan
همه hama all
چیز tʃiz thing
دارد dʌr-ad have-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
،
ولی wali but
تنها tanhʌ only
چیزی tʃiz-e thing-RELRelativizer. This introduces a relative clause, e.g., “a man who likes sports” or “a book that isn't too long.” A word with this suffix is often followed by که.
که ke that
ندارد na-dʌr-ad NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-have-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
، "
سرمایه sarmʌja-jɛ capital-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
انسانی ɛnsʌn-i human-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”
"
است ast is
.
او u 3S
نظام nɛzʌm-ɛ military/system-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزشی ʌmuzɛʃ-i instruction-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
"
مرکز markaz-ɛ center-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
تولید tawlid-ɛ begetting-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
سرمایه sarmʌja-jɛ capital-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
انسانی ɛnsʌn-i human-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”
"
خواند xʌnd call.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
.
رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
جمهوری dʒamhur-i-jɛ republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan
بر bar on
آموزش ʌmuzɛʃ-ɛ instruction-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
"
احکام ahkʌm-ɛ commands-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. احکامArabic plural of حکم [hʊkm].
اسلامی ɛslʌm-i Islam-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”
"
و wa and
تقویت taqwijat-ɛ strengthening-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
"
روحیه ruhja-jɛ morale-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
وطن‌پرستی watan-parast-i homeland-worship-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.” وطن‌پرستیThis is an example where you need to be cautious in interpreting the bits of the word. [parast] can indeed mean ‘worship,’ but here the sense is clearly something more like respect or veneration.
"
در dar in
نظام nɛzʌm-ɛ military/system-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزشی ʌmuzɛʃ-i instruction-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”
تاکید takid emphasis
کرد kard do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
و wa and
گفت gʊft say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
که ke that
دانش‌آموزان dʌnɛʃ-ʌmuz-ʌn wisdom-learn-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something. دانش‌آموزThis is a more Iranian word for ‘student.’
از az from
کلاس kɛlʌs-ɛ class-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
اول awal first
تا until
کلاس kɛlʌs-ɛ class-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
دوازدهم dawʌzdahʊm twelfth
باید bʌjad must
احکام ahkʌm-ɛ commands-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
اسلامی ɛslʌm-i Islam-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
فرا farʌ forward
بگیرند bɛ-gir-and SUBJSubjunctive. This prefix attaches to the present tense stem of the verb and turns it into a subjunctive.-take-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.” فرا گرفتنThis can mean ‘to master’ or metaphorically ‘ to learn.’
و wa and
با with
تاریخ tʌrix-ɛ date/history-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
کشور kɛʃwar country
هم ham also
آشنا ʌʃnʌ acquainted
شوند ʃaw-and become-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”
تا until
انسانهایی ɛnsʌn-hʌ-je human-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-RELRelativizer. This introduces a relative clause, e.g., “a man who likes sports” or “a book that isn't too long.” A word with this suffix is often followed by که.
وطن‌پرست watan-parast homeland-worship
بار bʌr occasion
بیایند bij-ʌ-jand SUBJSubjunctive. This prefix attaches to the present tense stem of the verb and turns it into a subjunctive.-come-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.” بار آوردنThis means ‘to produce.’
.
آقای ʌqʌ-jɛ Mr.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
احمدزی ahmadzaj Ahmadzai
وعده wada promise
داد dʌd give.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
که ke that
برای barʌjɛ for
بهبود bɛhbud-ɛ well.being-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
شرایط ʃarʌjɛt-ɛ terms-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. شرایطArabic plural of شرط [ʃart].
زندگی zɛnda-gi-jɛ alive-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”). -EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزگاران ʌmʊzgʌr-ʌn teacher-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.
به ba to
منظور manzur-ɛ goal-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
تمرکز tamarkʊz-ɛ concentration-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آنان ʌn-ʌn that-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.
بر bar on
ارتقای ɛrtɛqʌ-jɛ promotion-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
کیفیت kajfijat-ɛ circumstances-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزش ʌmuzɛʃ instruction
،
مشوق‌هایی mʊʃawɛq-hʌ-je encouragement-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-RELRelativizer. This introduces a relative clause, e.g., “a man who likes sports” or “a book that isn't too long.” A word with this suffix is often followed by که.
در dar in
نظر nazar observation
داشته dʌʃt-a have.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle. در نظر داشتهThis means that Ghani ‘has it in mind’ to form this special commission.
که ke that
یک jɛk one
کمیسیون kʊmisjun-ɛ commission-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
ویژه wiʒa special
مسئولیت masulijat-ɛ responsibility-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
عملی amal-i action-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”
کردن kard-an-ɛ do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-INFInfinitive. This suffix attaches to the past tense stem to make an infinitive, like English to in “to run” or “to swim.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آن ʌn that
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
به ba to
عهده ʊhda responsibility
گرفته gɛrɛft-a take.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.
است ast is
.
اصلاح ɛslʌh-ɛ revision-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
قانون qʌnun-ɛ law-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
کار kʌr work
،
اجرای ɛdʒrʌ-jɛ performance-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
حقوق hʊquq-ɛ rights/salary-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. حقوقArabic plural of حق [haq].
منطبق mʊntabɛq conforming
با with
وضعیت wazijat-ɛ situation-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
محل mahal-ɛ place-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
کار kʌr work
،
توزیع tawzija-jɛ distribution-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
زمین zamin-ɛ land-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
خانه xʌna-jɛ house-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
مسکونی maskuni residential
،
اعطای atʌ-jɛ grants-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. اعطاArabic plural of عطاء [atʌ].
وامهای wʌm-hʌ-jɛ loan-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
درازمدت darʌz-mʊdat long-amount.of.time
،
اصلاح ɛslʌh-ɛ revision-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
شیوه ʃewa-jɛ style-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
استخدام ɛstɛxdʌm recruitment
،
از az from
وعده‌های wada-hʌ-jɛ promise-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آقای ʌqʌ-jɛ Mr.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
احمدزی ahmadzaj Ahmadzai
است ast is
که ke that
به ba to
گفته gʊft-a-jɛ say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
او u 3S
،
ظرف zarf-ɛ timespan-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
شش ʃaʃ six
ماه mʌh month
تحقق tahaqʊq securing
خواهد xwʌh-ad will-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
یافت jʌft find.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
.
رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
جمهوری dʒamhur-i-jɛ republic-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan
تاکید takid emphasis
کرد kard do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
که ke that
با with
آموزگاران ʌmʊzgʌr-ʌn teacher-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.
شوخی ʃox-i naughty-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”).
ندارد na-dʌr-ad NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-have-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.” شوخی نداردThis means that he is serious (i.e., he's not fooling around).
و wa and
گفت gʊft say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
"
هرچه har-tʃe every-what
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
که ke that
وعده wada promise
داده dʌd-a give.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.
در dar in
تاریخ tʌrix-ɛ date/history-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
تعیین tajin appointment
شده ʃʊd-a-jɛ become.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)-PARTThis turns the past stem into a participle.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آن ʌn that
[
از az from
اجرای ɛdʒrʌ-jɛ performance-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آنها ʌnhʌ 3P.PRON
]
گزارش gʊzʌrɛʃ report
خواهم xwʌh-am will-1SFirst person singular. In English this would be either “I” or “me.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “I.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “my.”
داد dʌd give.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
".
آنچه ʌntʃɛ that.which
که ke that
در dar in
فهرست fɛhrɛst-ɛ catalog-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
وعده‌های wada-hʌ-jɛ promise-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آقای ʌqʌ-jɛ Mr.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
احمدزی ahmadzaj Ahmadzai
نبود na-bud NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-be.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
،
افزایش afzʌjɛʃ-ɛ increase-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
حقوق hʊquq-ɛ rights/salary-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
معلمان mʊʔalɛm-ʌn teacher-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.
بود bud be.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
.
او u 3S
افزود afzud add.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
که ke that
حالا hʌlʌ now
نمی‌تواند na-me-tawʌn-ad NEGNegative. This makes a verb negative, like not in English, “I am not going.”-CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-able-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
در dar in
این in this
مورد mawrɛd instance
وعده‌ای waʔda-je promise-INDEFIndefinite. This changes “dog” into “a dog.”
بدهد bɛ-dɛh-ad SUBJSubjunctive. This prefix attaches to the present tense stem of the verb and turns it into a subjunctive.-give-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
،
اما amʌ but
تاکید takid emphasis
کرد kard do.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
که ke that
آموزگاران ʌmʊzgʌr-ʌn teacher-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.
و wa and
کارمندان kʌrmand-ʌn-ɛ employee-PLThe plural marker is used when there is more than one of something.-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزش ʌmuzɛʃ instruction
و wa and
پرورش parwarɛʃ nurturing
باید bʌjad must
در dar in
ریشه‌کنی riʃa-kan-i-jɛ root-dig-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”). -EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
فساد fɛsʌd corruption
به ba to
دولت dawlat government
کمک kʊmak help
کنند kʊn-and do-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”
.
.
رئیس rajis-ɛ boss-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
جمهوری dʒamhur-i republic-NOMNominalizer. This turns a word into an abstract noun, like adding -ness or -y in English (“happy”→“happiness” or “modest”→“modesty”).
گفت gʊft say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
: "
فساد fɛsʌd corruption
را DEFDefinite direct object. This marker is placed after a direct object (i.e., the thing that receives the action of the verb) that is something definite, somewhat like the difference betweeen English “the apple” instead of “an apple.”
با with
اقدام ɛqdʌm-ɛ steps-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. اقدامThis is the plural of قدم [qadam] ‘step’, and is used to mean ‘measures’ just as it is in English.
مشترک mʊʃtarɛk participatory
نابود nʌ-bud not-be.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
کنید kʊn-ed do-2PSecond person plural. In English this would be “you.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “you.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “your.” (English doesn't have a different word for plural “you” except—for some people—“y'all.”)
تا until
حقوق hʊquq-ɛ rights/salary-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
شما ʃʊmʌ you.pl
بالا bʌlʌ high
برود bɛ-raw-ad SUBJSubjunctive. This prefix attaches to the present tense stem of the verb and turns it into a subjunctive.-go-3SThird person singular. In English this would be either “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “he,” “she,” or “it.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “his,” “her,” or “its.”
."
در dar in
این in this
مراسم marʌsɛm ceremony
فاروق fʌruq Faruq
وردک wardak Wardak
سرپرست sarparast-ɛ supervisor-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
وزارت wʊzʌrat-ɛ ministry-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزش ʌmuzɛʃ instruction
و wa and
پرورش parwarɛʃ nurturing
گفت gʊft say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
که ke that
در dar in
سراسر sarʌsar-ɛ entirety-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan
۲۱۷ du-sad-o-havda two-hundred-and-seventeen
هزار hazʌr thousand
تن tan person تنIn Iranian Persian, this word is used instead of تا [tʌ] or دانه [dʌna] when you're counting people.
آموزگار ʌmuzgʌr teacher
مشغول maʃɣul-ɛ occupied-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives. مشغولThis is a difficult phrase. It means, “218,000 teachers are occupied with teaching 11,500,00 teachers.” There's a similar construction in the next line, which you can figure out for yourself.
آموزش ʌmuzɛʃ-ɛ instruction-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
یازده jʌzda eleven
میلیون miljun million
و wa and
۵۰۰ pandʒ-sad five-hundred
هزار hazʌr thousand
دانش‌آموز dʌnɛʃ-ʌmuz wisdom-learn
هستند hast-and is-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”
.
او u 3S
گفت gʊft say.PSTThis identifies the past stem of the verb. (The past stem is used to form past tenses, but also participles.)
که ke that
در dar in
حال hʌl-ɛ situation-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
حاضر hʌzɛr present
۲۹۷ du-sad-o-nawad-o-haft two-hundred-and-ninety-and-seven
مرکز markaz-ɛ center-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
تربیت tarbijat-ɛ education-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
معلم malem teacher
مشغول maʃɣul-ɛ occupied-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزش ʌmuzɛʃ-ɛ instruction-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
هشتاد haʃtʌd eighty
هزار hazʌr thousand
دانشجو dʌnɛʃdʒu student
هستند hast-and is-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”
که ke that
سالانه sʌlʌna yearly
سی si thirty
هزار hazʌr thousand
آموزگار ʌmuzgʌr teacher
فارغ‌التحصیل fʌrɛɣʊltahsil-ɛ graduate-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
این in this
مراکز marʌkɛz centers مراکزArabic plural of مرکز [markaz].
وارد wʌrɛd-ɛ entrance-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
نظام nɛzʌm-ɛ military/system-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
آموزشی ʌmuzɛʃ-i-jɛ instruction-ADJAdjectivizer. This turns a noun into an adjective. This isn't used much in English but we do have -ous in “joy”→“joyous” or -al in “foundation”→“foundational.”-EZThe ezafa marker is a marker that is used to join together nouns and adjectives.
افغانستان afɣʌnɛstʌn Afghanistan
می‌شوند me-ʃaw-and CONTContinuous. This is the می [me] prefix that occurs in the simple present tense, and the past continuous tense.-become-3PThird person plural. In English this would be “they.” When this occurs at the end of a verb, it is showing that the subject of the verb is “they.” When this occurs on a noun, it means “their.”
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